Food Preservatives - 1311 Words

Introduction A preservative is a naturally occurring or synthetically produced substance that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, wood, etc. to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. All food products except for the one growing in our kitchen garden have food preservatives in them. Every manufacturer adds food preservatives to the food during processing. The purpose is generally to avoid spoilage during the transportation time. Food is very important for the survival, so food preservation is one of the oldest techniques used by human beings to avoid its spoilage. Different ways and means have been found and improved for the purpose. Boiling, freezing†¦show more content†¦4. Boiling (heating, including pasteurization) Food can be made sterile by heating it to over 70 °C (pasteurization) with the bacteria being killed or by raising the temperature to over 120 °C Ultra High Temperature (UHT). This higher temperature will kill all spores as well. Food is generally canned after heating so it will last for many months. 5. Vacuum packing This preserves food as it removes the oxygen thatShow MoreRelatedFood Preservatives And Its Effects On Food1809 Words   |  8 PagesFood Preservatives Food preservatives are described as natural means or man-made chemicals that are used in foods to prevent them from spoiling. A subgroup of preservatives are food additives, which differ from preservatives in the way that additives are not only used to lengthen the life of food, but also to improve taste and appearance. The ultimate goal of preservatives and additives are to improve the quality and lifespan of food by slowing down the decomposition process using chemicals orRead MoreThe Effects Of Excessive Amounts Of Preservatives On The Food1914 Words   |  8 Pagesof additives placed in food is a problem. These additives are causing numerous health problems that are literally killing us. I am bringing up the idea that we need to demand the government and FDA to better monitor what goes into our food. Consumers also need to demand a change. This means choosing not to buy preserved food, cutting back on the unnatural foods, and supporting farmer’s markets. In this paper, I will argue that the excessive amounts of preservatives in the food we consume is leadingRead MoreHow Do Food Preservatives3402 Words   |  14 PagesHow do Food Preservatives affect the growth of Microorganism? | By: Aya Zbedah | | December 15, 2008 | | Mrs. Hafell 5th Period Biology | 2008-2009 | | Abstract How Food Preservatives affect the growth of Microorganisms? Aya Zbedah Ballard High School The purpose of this project is to see which preservative will either slow down the growth of bacteria or speed up the growth using the three most common preservatives: sugar, salt and, vinegar. Humans usually have a problem keeping theirRead MoreThe Effect of Ph on a Food Preservative Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effect of pH on a Food Preservative September 18, 2012 Objective: To study the affect of pH on a food preservative. Chemical Equation: C6H5COONa + HCL ------ C6H5COOH + NaCl Procedure: This experiment was started with a clear solution of sodium benzoate and HCl was added to it, ultimately producing benzoic acid. First, .3395 g of sodium benzoate was weighed, then it was dissolved in water, causing it to disassociate into ions. Next, 3M of HCl were added drop wise to the solutionRead MoreMy Solitary Purpose Of Applying For Graduate Program1727 Words   |  7 Pagesseparate projects. First, my thesis project was related to the development of safe food preservation technique. Since, foods are often contaminated and spoiled by airborne microorganisms; it is a great challenge to keep food safe from those organisms. Though there are several kinds of chemical food preservatives which could cause fatal diseases, so we tried to develop preservation techniques with novel and natural preservatives with biocompatibility. After extensive experiments throughout one year the resultRead MoreHome Style Cookies # Case Study653 Words   |  3 Pagesadditives or preservatives. Less sugar is also a major issue for me. Soft cookies are remain soft and do not end up getting hard. Also a proper labeling which has a description of ingredients, calories,fat and sugar counting. Question:6 Advantage of not using preservative The company is not using and additive or preservative because their marketing strategy is to introduce these cookies as a good food to consumer channel. Also since the company making fresh cookies without preservatives they areRead MoreEssay on Lab1: Effect of Ph on Food Preservatives1343 Words   |  6 Pages Lab 1: Effect of pH on sodium benzoate, a food preservative Sheikh M Zakaria Person no. 36295651 TA: Synthia Gratia Date of Submission: 05/29/13 Abstract Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative used in food products such as jams and jellies, soft drinks, pickles, condiments etc and in tinned products in the market. This experiment aimed to determine whether benzoic acid is formed from it’s superior soluble form sodium benzoate in stomach acid, which is simulated by HCl (pH=2). It hasRead MoreCase Study1542 Words   |  7 PagesLuckyMe! Supreme La Paz Batchoy, the first bowl noodle available in that flavor. For more than two decades now, Monde Nissin has steadily and aggressively risen to be one of the country’s leading food manufacturers. From its first biscuit, Monde Nissin Corporation has evolved into a premier food company, which has consistently been among the Philippines Top 100 companies since year 2000. Objectives †¢ To know the process of making noodles. †¢ To determine how strong and competitive theyRead MoreChemical Food Additives and Their Effect on the Human Body624 Words   |  2 Pages â€Å"Food additives refer to any substances that are added to change food in some way before it is consumed. Additives include preservatives for extending shelf life, flavouring and colouring for improving taste and appearance, and nutritional supplements such as vitamins and minerals† (Jeon) there are two types of food preservation: chemical and natural food additives. Many of our everyday foods nowadays have either been preserved by natural methods or by chemical methods. When looking for preservativesRead MoreRegulation Before Restriction Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Americans spend about ninety percent of their food budget on processed foods, which, unlike whole foods, have been treated, stripped, altered, or refined in some way after being harvested or butchered (â€Å"Additives†).† Most food industries believe preservatives make food last longer. More importantly, preservative are cheaper and therefore better for the company’s budget. Although, organic ingredients and foods would be more expensive, and because of this, we have the ultimate question: what is your

Moby Dick Enigma - 804 Words

Mr. Greer American Lit. Jim Hatton Topic #2 11/6/2012 Moby Dick is an enigma. Some whalers, like many aboard the Pequod, believe he is an immortal being with god-like qualities. Other whalers believe he is a tangible albino sperm whale. Moby Dick is the source of all that is evil for Ahab, and an impediment of a whaling voyage to those like Starbuck. There is vast variability of character perceptions, and particular beliefs or lack thereof that imbue Moby Dick with his power, which make him tremendously inscrutable. Many Whalers encountered in Moby Dick have differing opinions on the whale. Some whalers, as Ishmael describes, observe Moby Dick as perpetual. â€Å"It cannot be much of a matter of surprise that some†¦show more content†¦However, Ishmael truly believes that Moby Dick is almost impossible to understand. â€Å"If then, Sir William Jones, who read in thirty languages, could not read the simplest peasant’s face in its profounder and more subtle meanings, how may unlettered Ishmael hope to read the awful Chaldee of the Sperm Whale’s brow? I put that brow before you.† (p.275) He understands the great inscrutability of Moby Dick. Ishmael only sees the whale in for brief moments in three chapters, therefore making it hard to comprehend a full understanding of the whale. Moby Dick is unfathomable. Although a tangible whale, he turns into a god, a legend, a reward, a blockade and the idea of evil. Many different characters have different understandings of the whale, however Ishmael understands the most: that Moby Dick is inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Classification Of Restaurant Tippers924 Words   |  4 Pagestend to bridge the gap between a server and their table, so to speak. They know drinks will be followed with straws and food orders will be taken as soon as hands are free. THE NON-MONITARY TIPPERS. The roller coaster of customers. The profit enigma. These tables tend to build up a server’s self-esteem, only to inadvertently knock it down upon receipt of payment. Non-monetary tippers generally are always smiling, polite and complimentary. In short, they are usually very pleasant individualsRead MoreIgnorance Is Not An Excuse For Not Learning Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter Bartleby s, subconscious struggle with mental illness and the inability of the people around him to understand and interact with him. When Melville wrote this story he had experienced a great loss from the poor reception of his book Moby Dick. Naturally he would have been depressed and some have said that his sense of loss parallels with the dead letters office. In addition, it is important to remember that during the time in which he lived psychology was not as advanced as it is nowRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pageseliciting a certain response from the reader, for example, creating a mood, increasing tension and suspense, etc. 10 An enigma is an important factor in story-telling, when the narrator withholds some information from the reader and keeps him guessing, imagining the probable outcome of the events described, motives of characters’ actions, etc. Some stories contain a whole series of enigmas. Withholding information until a certain point in the development of the plot is called retardation, which is a widelyRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesmind’. Slave emancipation, the Irish Fenians and Russian imperialism were themes to be traced in the narrative, which served as a source of many more themes in works of other authors. For example, in Dickens’ *Great Expectations, in Melville’s Moby Dick and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. It became a foundation text for an emerging sub-genre of *‘scientific romance’. Pierce Egan â€Å"Sr’s Life in London† was written as a series of urban sketches, recording the travels of a countryman, Jerry Hawthorne,

Toni Morrisons Beloved - Identity Essay - 1171 Words

Review of Beloved: A Question of Identity In her essay Beloved: A Question of Identity, Christina Davis discusses the issue of identity from an historical perspective, a textual perspective and an authorial perspective. She looks at the text in comparison to the slave narrative, explores how the text itself expresses issues of identity and describes Morrisons choices of authorship and their contribution to identity. Her exploration of the theme of identity calls upon the treatment of self-image, particularly in the context of slavery; and outward image as expressed by naming and other white descriptions of the black characters. Her organization of information is historically sequential, ordering elements as they occurred†¦show more content†¦She notes that at the age of thirteen, marking her arrival at Sweet Home, Sethe has never seen the likeness of her own face (151). Beyond this individual and specific way in which slaves may be deprived of self-image, Davis traces how the social structures created by slavery inh erently efface self-image. She also identifies the ways in which Morrisons characters find ways of identifying and viewing themselves as separate from slavery. The first example is the wedding. The novels description of Mrs. Garners wedding and its extravagance serves to highlight the contrast between black and white. Davis notes that under the institution of slavery, Sethes wedding to Halle is not and cannot be validated since no such sentiments, no such sacraments apply to her (152). However, Sethe cannot see herself in this way and so she creates her own ways of consecrating her marriage (152). Davis links this self-appropriation of imagery to Sethes habit of bringing flowers and herbs to work with her thus appropriating for herself the place where she is to work (152). By creating her own symbols in these two situations, Sethe is able to become her own subjective self, beyond the objectification of slavery. As further example of the loss of identity under slavery, Davis discusse s the lack of modeling that results from the lack of a community of older women to teach Sethe about child-rearing. Self-image is greatly influenced byShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved920 Words   |  4 Pages1. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved, she takes her audience back to a past where the oppressed (slaves) did not have a voice. How does Beloved compare to other slave narrative, and why is it important? How does memory involve itself within this concept? â€Å"A Different Remembering: Memory, History and Meaning in Beloved† is Marilyn Sanders Mobley’s attempt to distinguish the difference of Morrison’s novel from the established white literary tradition that critics were trying to place it in. Mobley arguesRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison’s Beloved shows the dehumanization of slavery and its effects on African-Americans and their basic forms of existence—specifically motherhood. Morrison depicts the strong maternal bond between Sethe and her children. Most importantly, her use of Sethe’s controversial act of infanticide shows the lengths that Sethe will take to protect her children from slavery. Morrison’s depiction of Sethe’s motherhood shows how slavery has deconstructed the Eurocentric expectations and traditionsRead MoreBeloved: Critique with New Historicism1749 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel written by Toni Morrison and published in 1987. The story follows Sethe as she attempts to make peace with her present (for her, post Civil War America) and her past as a former slave and the atrocities she suffered at the hands of the benevolent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, asRead More Memory in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesMemory in Toni Morrisons Beloved       Memories are works of fiction, selective representations of experiences actual or imagined. They provide a framework for creating meaning in ones own life as well as in the lives of others. In Toni Morrisons novel Beloved, memory is a dangerous and debilitating faculty of human consciousness. Sethe endures the tyranny of the self imposed prison of memory. She expresses an insatiable obsession with her memories, with the past. Sethe is compelled to exploreRead More Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essays2510 Words   |  11 PagesThe Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Perhaps one of the most important issues in Toni Morrisons award-winning novel Beloved is Morrisons intentional diversity of possible interpretations. However the text is looked at and analyzed, it is the variety of these multiple meanings that confounds any simple interpretation and gives the novel the complexity. The debate rages on over many topics, but one issue of central and basic importance to the understanding of the novel is definingRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Cycle Of Claim1007 Words   |  5 PagesCycle of Claim in Toni Morrison’s Beloved Toni Morrison’s Beloved centers around the repercussions of slavery. The novel reveals that the memories of enslavement, particularly the denial of them, effect life even after slavery is abolished. The black community is unwilling to accept their past, causing them to lack self identities. Even after escaping a life of bondage, the characters are forever trapped in the external world of slavery. As Sethe says on page 95, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing;Read MoreThe And Invisible Man By Toni Morrison And Ralph Ellison1726 Words   |  7 PagesFor many black individuals, their identity was non-existent, stripped away, leaving them powerless due to white power. Race, class, and economic standing are all social issues that are prominent in both Beloved and Invisible Man. Toni Morrison and Ralph Ellison are both American novelists who have created emotional stories based on raw and authentic black history. African-American individuals were immobilized, forced to be isolated while searching for an identity in a world that chose to see themRead More Comparing the Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman972 Words   |  4 PagesThe Symbolic Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman The eponymous ghosts which haunt Toni Morrisons Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingstons No Name Woman (excerpted from The Woman Warrior) embody the consequence of transgressing societal boundaries through adultery and murder. While the wider thematic concerns of both books differ, however both authors use the ghost figure to represent a repressed historical past that is awakened in their narrative retelling of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved 1310 Words   |  6 Pages Mommy Issues: A â€Å"Beloved† Response Essay Late in 1987, after being inspired by a fellow story of a female fugitive slave, Toni Morrison pens a novel about a runaway slave and her children. Although Morrison’s â€Å"Beloved† quickly became a best-seller, and even has a movie adaption, it still left the audience with many unanswered questions. This novel not only gave a voice to those who were often silenced in the male stories of slavery, but it also perfectly exemplified the relationship was betweenRead MoreEssay about The Association of Maternal Bonds and Identity in Beloved1583 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, is a â€Å"haunting stray of a mother’s love that frames a series of irrelated love stories by multiple narrators† (Bell 61). The main character Sethe is a mother who fails to realize her children’s needs. She attempts to protect her children from the community amongst many other dangers such as slavery and love, however ultimately isolating them. S ethe’s character as well as actions confirms the â€Å"struggle and psychological trauma of slavery† (Napierkowski 35) from which

FINANCIAL CRISIS, HOME MORTGAGES, CREDIT MARKETS, FINANCIAL

Essays on FINANCIAL CRISIS, HOME MORTGAGES, CREDIT MARKETS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, MORAL HAZARD, ADVERSE SELECTIONS, Case Study FINANCIAL CRISIS, HOME MORTGAGES, CREDIT MARKETS, FINANCIAL S, MORAL HAZARD, and ADVERSE SELECTIONS. [Insert al Affiliation] Question 1 The 2007-08 financial crisis is largely attributed to financial innovations such as sub-prime mortgage and securitization, which were envisioned to better the financial market, but desolately became the forces that drove the financial market into an all-time dissipated crisis. Rather than being a sustaining innovation, securitization became a disruptive innovation. It is a financial engineering technique where financial enterprises pool assets, such as loans and mortgages, and merchandise the repackaged assets. A typical example of ABS (asset-backed security) is an MBS (mortgage-backed security) which is a prominent type of securitization and of particular importance due to its role in the 2007-08 financial crisis. Additionally, securitization allowed banks to have huge amounts of capital to give as loans to prospective homeowners through transformation of existing loan portfolios to cash (Manoj, 2010). Noteworthy, securitization is a precarious cause of financial flux. According to Shleifer and Vishny (2009), financial markets are swayed by investor sentiments. Through securitization, investor sentiments tainted the banking industry in early 2006, and domineered a cyclicality of returns and investments prompting banks to use all their capitals during boom. Banks extend themselves fully during boom to amass the available opportunities and make money (Bonner Wiggin, 2006). The commercial banks engage in money creation through giving loans and imposing interest on the loans. However, if they participate in financial markets using leverage and securitizing loans, financial instability and bank instability occurs and the two types of instability strengthen each other. In the mortgage market, as securitization gained supremacy, COD (Collateralized Debt Obligation) which enabled the manipulation of risks concomitant with mortgage emerged and ranked mortgages as a low risky investment (Co val, Jurek Sttafford, 2009). Apparently, securitization transferred ownership of mortgages from lenders who had information regarding their borrowers default probability to non-bank financial institutions and investment banks that were not conversant with borrowers, but rather used CDO computations to ascertain the probability of default. However, the calculation of CDO default probability disregarded the progression of the mortgage sector; the sub-prime mortgage innovation had prompted the mortgage sector to morph into a speculative bubble. Consequently, banks experienced losses related to mortgage defaults and delinquencies while they had little money left to finance mortgage loans. Hence, an innovation such as securitization should be carefully assessed before a bank decides to engage in it since it potentially reduces banks capital reserves and increases default risks due to declined underwriting standards. Question 2 In reference to the philosophy of laissez-faire capitalism, commercial institutions will circumvent risks since failure to be risk-averse will inherently lead to liquidation (Christensen, 1997; Greenspan, 2004). However, the Community Reinvestment Act, Long-Term Capital Management hedge fund salvage in 1998, and liberation of Continental Illinois created the notion that the American government could protect institutions that failed to apply due diligence. Consequently, morale hazard developed as big financial institutions believed that the government would not allow them to fail. They were convinced that their profits will be privatized while bankruptcies will be socialized, and many engaged in risky mortgage loan extensions as they were certain that the government will bear the innate risks. Likewise, during boom, people in the mortgage supply chain received enormous fees with those originating loans receiving fees for selling the loans notwithstanding the performance of the loans. Through financial innovations such as securitization, mortgage originators transferred credit risks and default risks to investors. This resulted to a morale hazard as the mortgage originators were left with nothing to worry about and lending to households proliferated at extraordinary rates. Equally, adverse selection contributed to the crisis. Financial institutions faced adverse selection problems when offering mortgages since they were forced to give mortgage loans to borrowers whose credit worthiness they could not ascertain during the underwriting process. Since finance syndicates were not exposed to the kind of regulatory oversight that banks were subjected to, incentive for responsibility plummeted, and borrowers sought more loans which they would default and lead the world into a financial crisis. Question 3 The subprime predicaments distinctive issues forced central banks all over the world and the U.S Federal Reserve to increase money supplies to circumvent the risk of a deflationary spiral where high unemployment and low wages leads to declining consumption. While the government intervention helped in resolving the crisis by increasing consumption, investment, and wealth, it is only a short-term measure and may lead to occurrence of an even worse crisis in future due to the kind of morale hazard it created (Bernanke, 2009). For instance, since the demand in private sector declined as a result of the crisis, the government resulted in enactment of huge fiscal inducement packages and borrowed funds that would help increase its expenditure and offset the reduction in demand and consumption. In US, this stimulus package had reached $1 trillion by 2009 (Glaeser Sinai, 2013). Whereas the U.S federal reserves extended liquidity was aimed at enabling the central bank to return to its traditi onal role of lender of last resort and mitigate stigma, banks are using this opportunity to expand their investments. Similarly, through currency creation, the government wanted to battle the liquidity trap and spur banks to refinance mortgages and offer domestic loans, banks have reinvested the funds in more profitable ventures as they strive to create wealth. The reduction of discount rate to 1.75% and federal funds rate to 1% in 2008 also added onto the risk of emersion of another crisis as more money will be available in the economy (Friedman, 2011; Phillips, 2008). What’s more, the National Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 which created $700 billion, a corpus to be used in purchasing distressed assets such as MBS puts the American and world economy into a more susceptible situation and might culminate in another crisis (In Alesina In Giavazzi, 2013). Question 4 Due to the need to stop the crisis and governments’ intoxication by power, governments resulted in borrowing, a factor that led to the ballooning of the national debt. A ballooning of the national debt has adverse effects in an economy (Conaghan et al., 2013). Government borrowing is in form of bonds which attract interest. The accrued interest is paid for many years from the limited government receipts, and may result in deficit budgets for many years to come (Krugman, 2009; Taylor, 2009). Consequently, the government will be forced to cut its spending so as to meet its obligations. Similarly, the interest is dead money which implies that taxpayers will have to carry a heftier burden for more years to come (Foster Magdoff,  2009). A huge national debt that results from increased borrowing upsurges demand for credit in the economy. Consequently, borrowing costs will escalate thus making it costly to finance investment in capital goods, stock and equipment. The capable effect of this is a reduced aptitude and capability of the private sector to create jobs and generate wealth required to drive an economy out of recession (Batten Szilagyi, 2011). In extreme situations, it might lead to collapse of the currency, as the country will be to print more money to repay the debt, and put the country into an even worse economic distress. Bibliography Batten,  J., Szilagyi,  P.  G. (2011). The impact of the global financial crisis on emerging financial markets. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Bernanke, B. (2009), Financial innovation and consumer protection, Federal Reserve System’s sixth biennial community affairs research conference, Washington DC, 17 April. Bonner,  W., Wiggin,  A. (2006). Empire of debt: The rise of an epic financial crisis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Christensen, C. M. (1997). The innovator’s dilemma. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Conaghan,  D., Smith,  D., Julian Flanders,  N. (2013). The book of money: Everything you need to know about how world finances work. London: Mitchell Beazley. Coval, J. Jurek, J., Sttafford, E. (2009), The economics of structured finance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23, pp. 8-25. Foster,  J.  B., Magdoff,  F. (2009). The great financial crisis: Causes and consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press. Friedman,  J. (2011). What caused the financial crisis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Glaeser,  E.  L., Sinai,  T.  M. (2013). Housing and the financial crisis. Greenspan, A. (2004), Risk and uncertainty in monetary policy, American Economic Review, 94, pp. 33-40. In Alesina,  A., In Giavazzi,  F. (2013). Fiscal policy after the financial crisis. Krugman, P. (2009), â€Å"Out of the Shadows,† The New York Times, 18 June, 2009. Manoj, S. (2010). The 2007-08 Financial Crisis In Review. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/financial-crisis-review.asp Phillips,  K. (2008). Bad money: Reckless finance, failed politics, and the global crisis of American capitalism. New York: Viking. Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. W. (2009), Unstable banking. NBER Working Paper Series, February. At http://www.nber.org/papers/w14943.html. Taylor, J.B. (2009), The financial crisis and the policy responses: an empirical analysis of what went wrong, NBER Working Paper Series, February. At http://www.nber.org/papers/w14631.html.

Counter-Intuitive Marketing Free Essays

Chapter 10 gives the reader a view if direct marketing is really effective on selling products to consumer at large. Most of selling companies consider direct marketing as a â€Å"personalized† marketing; however, there is more to the tedious door-to-door selling. Factors are attributed to how the consumers buy-in to the concept that goes to the product, may it be the message it conveys or the packaging itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Counter-Intuitive Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before going to the assessment of current direct marketing strategies and research designs that can be used to target the right customers, the current problems of direct marketing were enlisted. One of the problems experienced was the decline in the response rates among the consumers. This situation may lead to the next problem which is saturation to direct marketing mails. Since many companies are into direct selling, there may also be a thin delineation among these companies. This leads to the problem of having not enough innovation in the part of the marketers. With these problems at hand, the author routed us to the idea if the list that marketers have at hand is really the list that would patronize their products. In marketing, it is important to understand the market so you would know if your product will fit. It is easy to secure a list, but the book tells us that there is more to having that list. When marketing a certain product, it is important to understand the behavior and attitudes of the consumers. The material recommends that it pays the company who builds their own list and understands the needs of those consumers on that list. In this way, from a bigger perspective of the population, the company can identify the segment of the population that is expected to buy. However, the concept of direct marketing is not only confined to the relationship of the company to its consumers. Direct marketing can also happen to business-to-business. One computer company can sell its services to another company who would need its products. But just like how one company should understand its consumers, when dealing with companies as well, it would need to know what it values, what it finds important or what risks it will take. Towards the end of the chapter, it discusses methods on how one company can find effective direct marketing strategies. The process of finding the appropriate strategy is continually evolving. It is not serving the same content yet in different packaging. Changing strategy mix from time to time will help the marketer fine tune his design to effectively sell the products. It also pays in direct marketing to make itself visible, not only once to the customer. Once a direct mail is sent to the consumer twice, it will yield a higher possibility of response from the side of the consumer. Direct marketing in an essence is an experiment that molds itself to perfection. One cannot really have a perfect model to follow, but one thing sure about making it effective is to always acknowledge the side of your product’s market. Indeed, it is a powerful tool once a company can get it right, but also a way of wasting resource if done otherwise. The next chapter leads the readers to a more specific perspective of marketing – building the concept for the product that will be sold to the customers. Within a product, marketers can actually think of numerous possibility or mixes on how to market it effectively. Some companies would go on for discounts, freebies and favors. However, not all these would actually work. It shows that it will be all competition driven, thus, sacrificing the actual sales that the product would have. Most of companies employ the idea of the traditional concept testing. In doing this design, it is recommended that companies should have larger sample sizes and should disclose the full description of the product. This is to ensure that they will have at least the credible response of the consumers about their selling proposition. However, this strategy is engulfed with problems. It fails to acknowledge that consumers may not really mean what they are saying. The customer’s promise of saying that he will buy the product may not necessarily mean that they will do the thing of buying it. Models may say that consumers will most likely buy it if there is a high self reported probability of purchase. Then again, this is still a gamble. As mentioned on the previous chapter, there is more to understanding the target market. Affective and cognitive components affect the consumer’s decision to buy the product. Affective would mean their intangible impressions or their feelings, and the latter focuses on their intellectual impressions on how the product could be of help to them. These two components have to be reconciled in order to have a clearer picture on the consumer’s willingness to buy the product. However, as mentioned, there are still numerous options under one concept. The two components cannot give the marketers a concrete answer on what to really market on the larger scale of consumers. A methodology is herein presented to address this challenge. As proposed by Paul Green of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, the multiple trade-off analysis can address the problem on how to consolidate the factors and all other small concept under the big product design. One can also evaluate each factor independently; however the multiple trade-off analysis can also show the interaction effects between factors. Not all factors is a stand-alone, the researcher must acknowledge that one factor can actually rely on another. The end each analysis is always to come up with the best marketing decision. The chapter warns marketers that the most appealing concept may be the most expensive one. As the company proceeds with its operations, not taking into consideration the financial part can be detrimental. Thus, deciding on the best concept will speak about optimality – not only considering the dimension but always keeping in mind profitability. Evaluation thousands of options is always worth doing and balancing it with the returns would lead to a marketing success. Possible Questions to the CEO During the Interview 1. What strategy does your company employing when you market directly your products? 2. What were the success and failures of this strategy? 3. How did you understand your market base in order to cope up with the failures of the existing strategy? 4. What method did you use to know what effective marketing concept that would let your consumers avail of your product or service? 5. Do you think you method has been successful in capturing your target market? Why? BIBLIOGRAPHY Clancy, Peter C. Krieg Kevin J.. Counter-Intuitive Marketing. New York City: Free Press, 2000. How to cite Counter-Intuitive Marketing, Essays

Demand Elasticity Measures

Question: Discuss about the Demand Elasticity Measures. Answer: Introduction: Demand elasticity measures the sensitivity of the demand for a commodity to changes in other economic parameters such as the price of the commodity (price elasticity), the income of the consumers (income elasticity), the price of other related commodities (cross-price elasticity), etc. It is defined as the percentage or proportionate change in the demand for a good when any of these economic factors changes by a unit percent. The price elasticity of demand for physicians services is 0.6 implies that when the service charge of a physician increases by 1 percent, the demand for physician services falls by 0.6 percent. Again, the income elasticity of demand for physicians services is 0.6 means that when the income of an individual increases by 1 percent, the demand for physicians services increases by 0.6. Thus, demand for physician services is inelastic (0.6 1). This is because physicians services can be categorized as an essential service or a necessity which is why changes in price or income do not affect the demand as much. Moreover, there is no close substitute of physicians services such than an increase in price would shift the demand. Hence, cross-price elasticity is also low. The demand elasticity for foreign travel is 4.0 implies that when the cost or the price of foreign travel increases by 1 percent, the demand for foreign travel falls by 4 percent. Again, if the income of a consumer increases by 1 percent, the demand for foreign travel will increase by 4 percent. Hence the demand for foreign travel is highly elastic (4 1). Foreign travel is a luxury consumption service and hence the demand elasticity is high, that is, the proportionate change in demand is much more than the change in price or income. The demand is highly sensitive to other economic parameters. Again, the closest substitute to foreign travel is domestic tour and if the price of that falls by 1 percent, the demand for foreign travel will fall by 4 percent. The demand elasticity for newspapers is 0.1 means that the demand for newspapers will fall by 0.1 percent when the price rises by 1 percent or it will rise by 0.1 percent when the consumers income increases by 1 percent. A newspaper being a necessary commodity, the demand does not change much for a unit change in price or income. Hence the demand for newspapers is inelastic (0.1 1). The demand elasticity for radio and television receivers is 1.2 for every 1 percent rise in the price of radio and television the demand for the same falls by 1.2 percent or the demand increases by 1.2 percent for every 1 percent increase in income. Generally radio and television receivers are considered luxury commodities. Hence the demand is elastic (1.2 1) the proportionate change in the quantity demanded is more than the change in the price or income. The demand is more than perfectly elastic. When the price of other forms of entertainment falls by 1 percent, the demand for radio and television falls by 1.2 percent hence the cross price elasticity is high. References Mankiw, N 2006, Principles of Microeconomics, South Western Educational Publishing, USA. Pindyck, R Rubinfeld, D 2005, Microeconomics, Pearson Education, USA. Varian, R 2005, Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach, W.W. Norton Company, USA. Gallo, A 2015, A Refresher on Price Elasticity, viewed 16 August 2016, https://hbr.org/2015/08/a-refresher-on-price-elasticity.

Communication with Aphasic Clients-Free-Samples for Students

Question: How to communicate with Aphasic clients". Answer: Aphasia is a language disorder, which happens in case of damage in a specific region of the brain. A brain has two halves; damage on the left side of the brain results in language problems. It is often caused because of stokes. However, the other possible causes include brain tumor, head trauma, neurodegenerative diseases and infections. Aphasia may lead to several different problems ranging from trouble while talking, writing, reading or understanding spoken language (Goodglass, 2013). This paper will elaborate on the expected barriers to communicate with the Aphasic clients and the way to effectively communicate with them. Expected communication barriers- The symptoms of Aphasia may vary according to the location of brain damage (de Aguiar, Paolazzi Miceli, 2015). With the same, the signs or symptoms may or may not be there in an individual suffering from this disorder and may differ in the severity as well as level of the inference to communication. Some people have problem in writing or saying words correctly. This type of Aphasia is termed as expressive aphasia. In this case, people have the ability to understand what are being said them. If they do not understand the words in written way, then they are known to be suffering from receptive aphasia. Expressive aphasia is both fluent and non-fluent in nature, which means; in this case a person has trouble in speaking, finding out the right words, saying more than one word at a time. While in fluent aphasia, people are able to put many words together but the thing they say does not make any sense. Often they are not aware of the same as well. Strategies to improve communication with people suffering from Aphasia Communicating with people suffering with Aphasia might not be a simple task. They become frustrated when they realize that the others are not able to understand them or when they cannot understand others. It also makes them feel defeated and disappointed when they cannot find the right words (Carlsson, Hartelius Saldert, 2014). Language and speech therapists could work with the people who are suffering from this disorder and for their families to enhance their ability to communicate. However, before starting with anything, one must make it clear in his mind that there is difference between not knowing the answer and not being able to answer. Speaking inability is never a reflection of intellect. There are several ways to improve the daily communication with people suffering from Aphasia. Some of them are mentioned below: Keeping the noise and distractions down by turning off the TV and radio Moving to a less noisy or quieter room Talking with them in adult language. Never pretend that they are understood, if they are not. Never make them feel as if they are kids or children Do not shout at them when they cannot understand your language Always try to make an eye contact while talking to them While asking them questions, try to ask them Yes-No questions, so that they can answer easily Visual signal are also helpful if you can give them While giving them instructions, break those instructions into small and easy steps. In case if they tend to become frustrated, try to change the activity Encourage them to use other ways for communicating such as drawings, hand gestures and pointing. Providing a book of words and pictures regarding common people or topics to them as well as their family members would make the communication a lot easier. Always try to keep them involved in continuous conversation and ensure that they understand your sayings, but try not to force them too hard to make them understand, as this may result in frustration. Avoid correcting them if they remember something mistakenly. Always try to take them out for a walk or something, as they will then fell more confident about themselves. People suffering from Aphasia often think that they are different from the others and are less inferior to them. Taking them out will help them to practice understanding and communicating in a real-life situation (Saldert, Backman Hartelius, 2013). Be an alert, patient and attentive listener. Focus on what he or she is saying, instead of in what they are not saying. Online resources available for helping with communication barriers related to Aphasia Firstly, social media sites are perfect platform for people with Aphasia, as here they can post their massage in numerous ways. It is a indeed a great forum for them to build a relationship with other people. Whether they want to communicate instantly or if they decide to first craft their message properly, social media is providing them with ample of time to do so, allowing them for this to take place naturally. SCATM (Supported Conversation for Adults With Aphasia), is a method of communication, which uses a set of techniques or procedures in order to encourage conversation while communicating with people suffering from Aphasia, through body language and gestures, spoken and written keywords, detailed pictographs and hand drawings (Blom Johansson et al., 2013). It is designed particularly to help them to express their feelings and opinions in a much better way, which will further make them feel heard and valued and will encourage them to communicate more and more. By using this method, their partners (family members, friends, doctors and nurses) can help in breaking down the communication barriers and can further help the people suffering from aphasia to re-join their lifes conversations. BCA (Better Conversations with Aphasia) is an intervention that is available online. It is an e-learning resource that is freely available to improve the access to conversation therapy for the people suffering from aphasia and their families and friends; for the language and speech therapists (SLTs) and for the medics and healthcare workers who have to deal with them (Best et al., 2016). Though this resource the speech and the language therapists will have an access to the whole therapy program along with interactive learning materials and will get advice and instructions from the experienced clinicians. They can also learn how to conduct a conversation therapy with such clients. Furthermore, the people suffering from this disorder and their families will get help in finding out what this therapy is all about, and the perception of other people regarding conversation therapy. They will be then able to reflect them whether it is right or not. Lastly, the medics and the healthcare work ers shall be benefitted from it as it will help them learn how this disorder affects the everyday conversation of the clients. American Speech Language Hearing Association is another resource available for the same. It offers the people a wide range of information starting from language, hearing and speech disabilities in both adults and children. It will full pack with numerous educational information regarding the disorder of aphasia and its recovery process. With the same, the National Aphasia Association is also one of these online available resources that promote care, recovery and welfare of the people suffering from Aphasia via public education and support of research. It further offers printed materials, newsletters and information hotline. Some of the other resources include National Alliance of Family Caregivers, Aphasia Hope Foundation, National Institute of Neurological Disorder Stroke- Aphasia and National Aphasia Communication Tips. All these resources are available online for the access and they all provides required help, guidance, information and communication tips for improving communicati on with people with Aphasia. Hence, it can be concluded from the above discussion that effective communication is needed in order to deal with people having Aphasia. Only a communication that does not make them feel inferior to others can result in positive outcome for such people affected by this disease. References: Best, W., Maxim, J., Heilemann, C., Beckley, F., Johnson, F., Edwards, S. I., ... Beeke, S. (2016). Conversation therapy with people with aphasia and conversation partners using video feedback: A group and case series investigation of changes in interaction.Frontiers in human neuroscience,10, 562. Blom Johansson, M., Carlsson, M., stberg, P., Sonnander, K. (2013). A multiple-case study of a family-oriented intervention practice in the early rehabilitation phase of persons with aphasia.Aphasiology,27(2), 201-226. Carlsson, E., Hartelius, L., Saldert, C. (2014). Communicative strategies used by spouses of individuals with communication disorders related to stroke?induced aphasia and Parkinson's disease.International journal of language communication disorders,49(6), 722-735. de Aguiar, V., Paolazzi, C. L., Miceli, G. (2015). tDCS in post-stroke aphasia: the role of stimulation parameters, behavioral treatment and patient characteristics.Cortex,63, 296-316. Goodglass, H. (2013). Diagnosis of conduction aphasia. InConduction aphasia(pp. 49-60). Psychology Press. Saldert, C., Backman, E., Hartelius, L. (2013). Conversation partner training with spouses of persons with aphasia: A pilot study using a protocol to trace relevant characteristics.Aphasiology,27(3), 271-292.